795 lines
44 KiB
HTML
795 lines
44 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html lang="en">
|
|
<head>
|
|
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
|
<title>Diabetes, scleroderma, oils and hormones — GigaChad</title>
|
|
<link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css?v=1">
|
|
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
|
|
<meta property="og:title" content="Diabetes, scleroderma, oils and hormones — GigaChad">
|
|
<meta property="og:description" content="The greatest website on the interwebz!">
|
|
<meta property="og:image" content="/icons/chads/chad.png">
|
|
</head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<script>
|
|
const setTheme = () => {
|
|
const root = document.documentElement
|
|
const storage = localStorage.length > 0 ? localStorage : sessionStorage
|
|
for (let key in storage) {
|
|
if (storage.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
|
|
root.style.setProperty(key, storage.getItem(key))
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
setTheme()
|
|
document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', () => { if (!document.hidden) setTheme() })
|
|
</script>
|
|
<h1>Diabetes, scleroderma, oils and hormones</h1>
|
|
<div style="text-align: center;">
|
|
<a href="/"><img class="epic" src="/icons/chads/chad.png"></a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<p class="nav"><span class="nav-left">Listed under <a href="/ray-peat.html">Ray Peat</a>.</span><span class="nav-right"><a href="/theme.html">Theme</a></span></p>
|
|
<p>From the <a href="https://raypeat.com/articles/articles/diabetes.shtml" target="_blank">original article</a> in 2006. Author: <a href="https://raypeat.com/" target="_blank">Ray Peat</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>The
|
|
basic argument: Stress and aging make cells less responsive in
|
|
many ways by damaging their ability to produce energy and to adapt.
|
|
The polyunsaturated fats are universally toxic to the energy producing
|
|
system, and act as a "misleading signal" channeling cellular
|
|
adaptation down certain self-defeating pathways. Diabetes is just
|
|
one of the "terminal" diseases that can be caused by the polyunsaturated
|
|
vegetable oils. Coconut oil, in diabetes as in other degenerative
|
|
diseases, is highly protective.</p>
|
|
<p>When
|
|
the oral contraceptive pill was new (Enovid), it was found to produce
|
|
signs of diabetes, including decreased glucose tolerance. Spellacy
|
|
and Carlson (1966) suggested that an elevation of circulating free fatty
|
|
acids might be responsible, and remarked that "Free fatty acids
|
|
can block the Krebs cycle, with relative insulin action resistance resulting."
|
|
"The potential danger of the oral contraceptives is one of prolonged
|
|
pancreatic stimulation." Recent papers are reporting that
|
|
the estrogen used to "treat menopause" causes an increase
|
|
in free fatty acids. Spellacy and Carlson suggested that estrogen's
|
|
effect was mediated by growth hormone, and that is now the consensus.
|
|
Women are much more likely than men to develop diabetes.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Ephraim
|
|
Racker observed that free unsaturated fatty acids inhibit mitochondrial
|
|
respiration, and recent studies are finding that free linoleic and linolenic
|
|
acids act as intracellular regulators, stimulating the protein kinase
|
|
C (PKC) system, which is also stimulated by estrogen and the (cancer
|
|
promoting) phorbol esters. They stimulate the cell while blocking
|
|
the energy it needs to respond.</p>
|
|
<p>Scleroderma,
|
|
or systemic sclerosis, is a supposedly mysterious condition in which
|
|
tissues harden, with an excessive deposition of fibrous material.
|
|
Besides hardening the skin, it can involve fibrosis of the heart and
|
|
other organs, and can cause changes in blood vessels of the kidneys
|
|
like those seen in some types of hypertension, and often involves Raynaud's
|
|
phenomenon and osteoporosis of the fingers. (Silicone functions
|
|
as an adjuvant, making exposure to irritants, solvents or infections
|
|
more harmful. This seems to be the reason for the association
|
|
between breast implants and scleroderma.) Another type of disease
|
|
that involves hardening of the skin is scleredema, in which the skin
|
|
thickens with an accumulation of "mucin" between collagen
|
|
bundles, and in which fibroblasts are overactive in producing collagen.
|
|
(Varga, et al.) This condition is believed to often follow a "febrile
|
|
illness" and is associated with diabetes. My interest in
|
|
these conditions comes from my awareness that estrogen promotes collagen
|
|
formation, and that changes in the connective tissue are deeply associated
|
|
with the processes of stress and aging, following the ideas of Metchnikov
|
|
and Selye.</p>
|
|
<p>Many
|
|
people are still committed to the various old theories of diabetes,
|
|
though a few are showing ways in which multiple causes can lead to diabetes.
|
|
Increasingly, old age itself is seen to be "like diabetes (Meneilly,
|
|
et al.; Smith, et al.), and the situation is ripe for a recentering
|
|
of our understanding of diabetes around some of the general facts about
|
|
aging and stress.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Diabetes
|
|
mellitus, as named, refers to excessive urination and sugary urine,
|
|
but it is now often diagnosed in people who neither urinate excessively
|
|
nor pass glucose in the urine, on the basis of a high level of glucose
|
|
in the blood. Many other signs (abnormal mucopolysaccharide metabolism
|
|
with thickening of basement membranes, leakage of albumin through capillary
|
|
walls and into the urine, a high level of free fatty acids in the blood,
|
|
insensitivity of tissues to insulin, or reduced sensitivity of the beta
|
|
cells to glucose) are considered diagnostic by some people, who believe
|
|
that the worst aspects of the disease can be prevented if they can diagnose
|
|
early and take preventive measures. This attitude derives largely
|
|
from the genetic theory of causation, though it incorporates a belief
|
|
that (environmental) intervention can ameliorate the course of the disease.
|
|
When I wrote Nutrition for Women, I mentioned that the sudden appearance
|
|
of diabetes in non-European Jews when they moved to Isreal made the
|
|
genetic theory of diabetes untenable, and since then other studies have
|
|
made the similar point that environmental factors seem crucial. (Shaltout,
|
|
et al.) Many people are arguing for the racial/genetic theory
|
|
of diabetes, but they are failing to consider some simple dietary factors,
|
|
especially the high consumption of unsaturated seed oils and the combination
|
|
of nutritional deficiencies and environmental stress.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>I
|
|
have known adults and children who were diagnosed as diabetic, and given
|
|
insulin (and indoctrinated with the idea that they had a terminal degenerative
|
|
disease) on the strength of a single test showing excessive glucose.
|
|
When I taught at the naturopathic medical school in Portland, I tried
|
|
to make it clear that "diabetes" (a term referring to excessive
|
|
urination) is a function, and that a high level of glucose in the blood
|
|
or urine is also a function, and that the use of insulin should require
|
|
a greater diagnostic justification than the use of aspirin for a headache
|
|
does, because insulin use itself constitutes a serious health problem.
|
|
(And we seldom hear the idea that "diabetes" might have a
|
|
positive side [Robinson and Johnston], for example that it reduces the
|
|
symptoms of asthma [Vianna and Garcialeme], which get worse when insulin
|
|
is given. Normal pregnancy can be considered "diabetic"
|
|
by some definitions based on blood sugar. I got interested in
|
|
this when I talked to a healthy "diabetic" woman who had a
|
|
two year old child whose IQ must have been over 200, judging by his
|
|
spontaneous precocious hobbies. Old gynecologists told me that
|
|
it was common knowledge that "diabetic" women had intellectually
|
|
precocious children.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>When
|
|
non-diabetic apes were given insulin treatments, they developed some
|
|
of the same "complications of diabetes" that are seen in humans,
|
|
and antibodies to insulin were found in their retinas, suggesting that
|
|
some "complications of diabetes" were complications of insulin
|
|
treatment. Patients were seldom well informed of the arguments
|
|
against the use of insulin, but the justification for the new genetically
|
|
engineered human insulin is precisely that it avoids immunological damage.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Insulin
|
|
was introduced into medicine in the 1920s. According to the Britannica
|
|
Book of the Year for 1947, page 265, "Mortality from diabetes in
|
|
1920 in the United States was 16.0 per 100,000, 14,062 deaths, but in
|
|
1944, it was 26.4 per 100,000, 34,948 deaths."</p>
|
|
<p>One of the theories of the cause
|
|
of diabetes is that a virus damages the beta cells in the pancreas,
|
|
and the main argument for that in the 1970s was that the onset of diabetes
|
|
in children can often be dated to a time shortly after a severe viral
|
|
infection. It is true that intense sickness and a high fever (and
|
|
high doses of drugs given to treat the sickness) can cause very high
|
|
levels of glucose in the blood, and even glucose in the urine, but this
|
|
is a fairly well recognized consequence of stress. High doses
|
|
of cortisone (prednisone, etc.) typically cause elevated glucose levels.
|
|
Cushing's syndrome usually involves hyperglycemia. Normally, this
|
|
is just a functional response to an excess of glucocorticoids, but studies
|
|
in dogs suggested that intense and/or prolonged stress can damage the
|
|
insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas. Dogs had half of their
|
|
pancreas removed, to increase the burden put on the remaining tissue,
|
|
and after a large dose of cortisone the dogs became (and remained) diabetic.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>One
|
|
of the problems associated with diabetes is the calcification of blood
|
|
vessels, though now there is more emphasis on fatty degeneration.
|
|
Other blood vessel problems include hypertension, and poor circulation
|
|
in general, leading to gangrene of the feet, impotence, and degeneration
|
|
of the retina. In muscles, and probably in other tissues of diabetics,
|
|
capillaries are more widely spaced, as if the basal oxidative requirement
|
|
were lower than normal. However, mitochondria contain more respiratory
|
|
enzymes, as if to partly compensate for the poor delivery of oxygen
|
|
to the cells. Osteoporosis or osteopenia is a common complication of
|
|
diabetes, and seems to be associated with the calcification of soft
|
|
tissues. </p>
|
|
<p>F.
|
|
Z. Meerson's description of the stress-injured heart is very similar
|
|
to the general changes that occur in chronic diabetes. He found
|
|
that the stressed heart becomes rigid and unable to contract completely,
|
|
or to relax completely. Excess calcium enters cells, and fatty
|
|
acids are mobilized both locally and systemically, and both of these
|
|
tend to damage the mitochondria. In diabetes, fatty acids are
|
|
mobilized and oxidized instead of glucose, and calcium enters cells,
|
|
increasing their rigidity and preventing relaxation of muscles in blood
|
|
vessels. (I'm not sure whether it is relevant to cell physiology,
|
|
but the presence of an excess of free unsaturated fatty acids, and of
|
|
calcium, in cells makes me think of the insoluble soap that these substances
|
|
form in other situations, including the intestine. It seems that
|
|
this could form a harmful deposit in cells, blocking many metabolic
|
|
processes.)</p>
|
|
<p>For
|
|
many years, histologists have observed that calcium and iron tend to
|
|
be deposited together in "devitalized" tissues. Now
|
|
we know that cell death from a great variety of causes involves the
|
|
cell's absorption of increased amounts of calcium. Simply the
|
|
lack of energy increases the amount of calcium in a cell, and stimulation
|
|
or excitation does the same, creating or exaggerating a deficiency of
|
|
energy. In low thyroid people, many (if not all) tissues are very
|
|
easily damaged. Since glucose is needed by liver cells to produce
|
|
the active (T3) form of thyroid, diabetes almost by definition will
|
|
produce hypothyroidism, since in diabetes glucose can't be absorbed
|
|
efficiently by cells.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>In
|
|
the form of cell damage caused by the "excitotoxins," glutamic
|
|
and aspartic acids, the damage seems to require both stimulation, and
|
|
difficulty in maintaining adequate energy production. This combination
|
|
leads to both calcium uptake and lipid peroxidation. When cells
|
|
are de-energized, they tend to activate iron by chemical reduction,
|
|
producing lipid peroxidation. This could explain the presence
|
|
of chemically active iron, but an actual increase in the iron concentration
|
|
suggests that there has been prolonged injury (oxidative stress) to
|
|
the cell, with increased production of the heme group, which binds iron.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Hans
|
|
Selye found that he could produce scleroderma (hardening and calcification
|
|
of the skin) in rats by giving them a toxic dose of a heavy metal, and
|
|
then irritating the skin a little by plucking hair. Iron is now tending
|
|
to be recognized as a factor in inflammation. Vitamin E was able
|
|
to prevent the development of scleroderma under Selye's experimental
|
|
conditions, suggesting that the irritation allowed the heavy metal to
|
|
cause oxidative damage to the skin. Selye found other ways to
|
|
cause calcification of tissues, including the walls of arteries, but
|
|
he directed most of his attention to the role of "pro-inflammatory"
|
|
hormones. A decreased blood supply was often used to predispose
|
|
an organ to calcification. In diabetes, a characteristic feature
|
|
is that the blood supply is relatively remote from cells in muscle and
|
|
skin, so the oxygen and nutrients have to diffuse farther than in normal
|
|
individuals, and the ATP level of cells is characteristically lower
|
|
than normal. In blood cells, both red (Garnier, et al.) and white
|
|
cells are probably more rigid in diabetes, because of lower ATP production,
|
|
and higher intracellular calcium and sodium.</p>
|
|
<p>Magnesium
|
|
in the cell is largely associated with ATP, as the complex Mg-ATP.
|
|
When ATP is "used" or converted to ADP, this lower-energy
|
|
substance associates with calcium, as Ca-ADP. In a hypothyroid
|
|
state, the energy charge can be depleted by stress, causing cells to
|
|
lose magnesium. ATP is less stable when it isn't complexed with
|
|
magnesium, so the stress-induced loss of magnesium makes the cell more
|
|
susceptible to stress, by acting as a chronic background stimulation,
|
|
forcing the cell to replace the ATP which is lost because of its instability.
|
|
In this state, the cell takes up an excess of calcium.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The picture that I think explains
|
|
many of the features of diabetes is that an energy deficit produces
|
|
an alarm state, causing increased production of adrenalin and cortisol.
|
|
Adrenalin mobilizes fat from storage, and the free fatty acids create
|
|
a chronic problem involving 1) blocked ATP production, 2) activation
|
|
of the protein kinase C system (increasing tension in blood vessels),
|
|
3) inhibition of thyroid function with its energetic, hormonal, and
|
|
tissue-structure consequences, 4) availability of fats for prostaglandin
|
|
synthesis, and 5) possibly a direct effect on clot dissolving, besides
|
|
the PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor) effect seen in diabetes
|
|
(Ceriello, et al., Udvardy, et al., Vague, et al.). (Estrogen
|
|
has many pro-clotting effects, and one of them is a decreased activity
|
|
of vascular plasminogen activator. K. E. Miller and S. V. Pizzo,
|
|
"Venous and arterial thromboembolic disease in women using oral
|
|
contraceptives," Am. J. Obst. Gyn. 144, 824, 1982. In 1968,
|
|
D. G. Daniel et al., reported that estrogen promotes thromboembolism
|
|
by increasing clotting factor IX in the blood.)</p>
|
|
<p>Increased
|
|
entry of calcium into cells is complexly related to increased exposure
|
|
to unsaturated fatty acids, decreased energy, and lipid peroxidation.
|
|
Osteoporosis, calcification of soft tissues and high blood pressure
|
|
are promoted by multiple stresses, hypothyroidism, and magnesium deficiency.
|
|
The particular direction a disease takes--diabetes, scleroderma, lupus,
|
|
Alzheimer's, stroke, etc.--probably results from the balance between
|
|
resources and demands within a particular organ or system. Calcium
|
|
overload of cells can't be avoided by avoiding dietary calcium, because
|
|
the bones provide a reservoir from which calcium is easily drawn during
|
|
stress. (In fact, the reason calcium can temporarily help prevent
|
|
muscle cramps seems to be that it makes magnesium more available to
|
|
the muscles.)</p>
|
|
<p>If
|
|
we want to stop a disease that involves abnormal calcification or contraction
|
|
of muscle (see Zenere, et al.), we can increase our consumption of magnesium,
|
|
and to cause cells to absorb and retain the magnesium, we can increase
|
|
our thyroid function. The use of coconut oil provides energy to
|
|
stabilize blood sugar while protecting mitochondria and the thyroid
|
|
system from the harmful effects of unsaturated fats.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>In
|
|
1947, B. A. Houssay found that a diet based on sugar as a source of
|
|
energy was more protective against diabetes than a diet based on lard,
|
|
while the most protective diet was based on coconut oil. Lard
|
|
reflects the pigs' diet, and is usually extremely unsaturated, especially
|
|
since it became standard to fatten them on soybeans and corn.
|
|
Essentially, his study seems to show that unsaturated (pork) fat permits
|
|
diabetes to develop, sugar is slightly protective, and coconut oil is
|
|
very protective against the form of diabetes caused by a poison.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>At
|
|
the same time, A. Lazarow was demonstrating that a low protein diet
|
|
made animals more sensitive to diabetes, and that cysteine, glutathione,
|
|
and thioglycolic acid (antioxidants) are protective against diabetes.
|
|
The chelator of metals, BAL (British anti-lewisite), was also found
|
|
to protect against diabetes.</p>
|
|
<p>Taken
|
|
together, those studies suggest that the oxidizable unsaturated fats
|
|
are involved in the process of producing diabetes. At the same
|
|
time, other studies were showing that the unsaturated oils suppress
|
|
the thyroid, and that coconut oil increases the metabolic rate, apparently
|
|
by normalizing thyroid function. Hypothyroidism is known to include
|
|
deposition of mucopolysaccharides in tissues, increased permeability
|
|
of capillaries with leakage of albumin out of the blood, elevated adrenalin
|
|
which can lead to increased production of cortisol, decreased testosterone
|
|
production, high risk of heart and circulatory disease, including a
|
|
tendency to ulceration of the extremities, and osteoporosis, all of
|
|
which are recognized "complications of diabetes." Broda
|
|
Barnes gave all of his diabetic patients a thyroid supplement, and found
|
|
that none of them developed the expected complications of diabetes.</p>
|
|
<p>Recently, a high safflower oil
|
|
diet was found to cause diabetes (Ikemoto, et al.), and obesity itself
|
|
is thought to be a factor in developing diabetes. The hormone
|
|
patterns associated with obesity can be seen as either cause or effect
|
|
of the obesity (or both cause and effect), since, for example, low thyroid
|
|
can increase both estrogen and cortisol, which support the formation
|
|
of fat, and the fat cells can become a chronic source of estrogen synthesis.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>On
|
|
a diet lacking the "essential" unsaturated fatty acids, Benhamou
|
|
(1995) found that nonobese diabetic mice didn't develop diabetes, that
|
|
is, the unsaturated fats themselves, without obesity, are sufficient
|
|
to cause diabetes. (Also see Girard; Golay, et al., and Kusunoki,
|
|
et al.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Estrogen and the polyunsaturated
|
|
fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic and linolenic acid, alike activate the
|
|
protein kinase C (PKC) system of cellular activation. Many of
|
|
the functions of PUFA are similar to the functions of estrogen (e.g.,
|
|
antagonism to thyroid function, promotion of age pigment/lipofuscin),
|
|
so this information showing that they both act similarly on the same
|
|
basic regulatory pathway is important. Estrogen increases secretion
|
|
of growth hormone (GH; it's closely associated with prolactin, also
|
|
increased by estrogen), and GH causes an increase in free fatty acids
|
|
in the blood. Estrogen promotes iron retention, so it sets the
|
|
stage for oxidative stress. At least in some systems, both estrogen
|
|
and PUFA promote the entry of calcium into the cell.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>In
|
|
diabetes, there is a generalized excess activation of the PKC system.
|
|
The starch-based diet, emphasizing grains, beans, nuts, and vegetables,
|
|
has been promoted with a variety of justifications. When people are
|
|
urged to reduce their fat and sugar consumption, they are told to eat
|
|
more starch. Starch stimulates the appetite, promotes fat synthesis
|
|
by stimulating insulin secretion, and sometimes increases the growth
|
|
of bacteria that produce toxins. It is often associated with allergens,
|
|
and according to Gerhard Volkheimer, whole starch grains can be "persorbed"
|
|
from the intestine directly into the blood stream where they may block
|
|
arterioles, causing widely distributed nests of cell-death. I
|
|
have heard dietitians urge the use of "complex carbohydrates"
|
|
(starch) instead of sugar. In the first physiology lab I took,
|
|
we fed rats a large blob of moist cornstarch with a stomach tube, and
|
|
then after waiting a few minutes, were told to dissect the rat to find
|
|
out "how far the starch had gone." In such a short time,
|
|
we were surprised to find that not a trace of the starch could be found.
|
|
The professor's purpose was to impress us with the rapidity with which
|
|
starch is digested and absorbed. Various studies have demonstrated
|
|
that starch (composed of pure glucose) raises blood glucose more quickly
|
|
than sucrose (half fructose, half glucose) does. The sudden increase
|
|
of blood glucose is sometimes thought to contribute to the development
|
|
of diabetes, but if it does, it is probably mediated by fat metabolism
|
|
and the hormones other than just insulin.</p>
|
|
<p>Brewer's
|
|
yeast has been used successfully to treat diabetes. In the l930s,
|
|
my father had severe diabetes, but after a few weeks of living on brewer's
|
|
yeast, he recovered and never had any further evidence of diabetes.
|
|
Besides its high B-vitamin and protein content, yeast is an unusual
|
|
food that should be sparingly used, because of its high phosphorous/calcium
|
|
ratio, high potassium to sodium ratio, and high estrogen content.
|
|
The insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas have estrogen receptors,
|
|
but I don't know of any new research investigating this aspect of yeast
|
|
therapy. In rabbit studies, diabetes produced by alloxan poisoning,
|
|
which kills the beta cells, was cured by DHEA treatment, and beta cells
|
|
were found to have regenerated in the pancreatic islets.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>I
|
|
think the basic anti-aging diet is also the best diet for prevention
|
|
and treatment of diabetes, scleroderma, and the various "connective
|
|
tissue diseases." This would emphasize high protein, low
|
|
unsaturated fats, low iron, and high antioxidant consumption, with a
|
|
moderate or low starch consumption. In practice, this means that
|
|
a major part of the diet should be milk, cheese, eggs, shellfish, fruits
|
|
and coconut oil, with vitamin E and salt as the safest supplements.
|
|
It should be remembered that amino acids, especially in eggs, stimulate
|
|
insulin secretion, and that this can cause hypoglycemia, which in turn
|
|
causes cortisol secretion. Eating fruit (or other carbohydrate),
|
|
coconut oil, and salt at the same meal will decrease this effect of
|
|
the protein. Magnesium carbonate and epsom salts can also be useful
|
|
and safe supplements, except when the synthetic material causes an allergic
|
|
bowel reaction.. </p>
|
|
<p>Although
|
|
I started this newsletter with the thought of discussing the Mead acids--the
|
|
unsaturated (n-9) fats that are formed under certain conditions, especially
|
|
when the dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids are "deficient"--and
|
|
their prostaglandin derivatives as a distinct anti-stress, anti-aging
|
|
system, the loss of which makes us highly susceptible to injury, I will
|
|
save that argument for a future time, leaving this newsletter as an
|
|
addition to the view that an excess of the polyunsaturated fats is central
|
|
to the development of degenerative diseases: Cancer, heart disease,
|
|
arthritis, immunodeficiency, diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, connective
|
|
tissue disease, and calcification.</p>
|
|
<h2>References</h2>
|
|
<small>
|
|
<p>A. A. Alzaid, et al., "Effects
|
|
of insulin on plasma magnesium in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus:
|
|
Evidence for insulin resistance," J. of Clin. Endocr. and Metab.
|
|
80(4), 1376-1381, 1995. "...insulin resistance in subjects
|
|
with NIDDM impairs the ability of insulin to stimulate magnesium as
|
|
well as glucose uptake."</p>
|
|
<p>A. B. Akella, et al., "Diminished
|
|
Ca++ sensitivity of skinned cardiac muscle contractility coincident
|
|
with troponin T-band shifts in the diabetic rat," Circulation Research
|
|
76(4), 600-606, 1995.D. A. Antonetti, et al., "Increased expression
|
|
of mitochondrial-encoded genes in skeletal muscle of humans with diabetes
|
|
mellitus--Rapid publication," J. of Clinical Investigation 95(3),
|
|
1383-1388, 1995. "The increased mitochondrial gene expression
|
|
may contribute to the increase in mitochondrial respiration observed
|
|
in uncontrolled diabetes." (Low ATP with high respiration
|
|
would suggest uncoupling; unsaturated fatty acids are known uncouplers
|
|
of respiration from energy production.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>S. Asakuma, et al., "The
|
|
effects of antianginal drugs on energy expernditure during exercise
|
|
in normal subjects," Japanese Circulation Journal--English Edition
|
|
59(3), 137-145, 1995. "RQ (carbohydrate consumption relative
|
|
to fat consumption) during exercise was significantly increased and
|
|
VO2 was decreased after propranolol, metoprolol and amosulalol."
|
|
"These data suggest that propranolol, metoprolol and amosulalol
|
|
[beta-blockers] increase the efficiency of energy expenditure during
|
|
ordinary physical activity by increasing the utilization of carbohydrate
|
|
and by decreasing the utilization of fat."</p>
|
|
<p>M. Bardicef, et al., "Extracellular
|
|
and intracellular magnesium depletion in pregnancy and gestational diabetes,"
|
|
Amer. J. of Obst. and Gyn. 172(3), 1009-1013, 1995.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>P. E. Beales, et al., "Baclofen,
|
|
a gamma-aminobutyric acid-b receptor agonist, delays diabetes onset
|
|
in the non-obese diabetic mouse," Acta Diabetologica 32(1), 53-56,
|
|
1995.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>P. Y. Benhamou, et al., :"Essential
|
|
fatty acid deficiency prevents autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic
|
|
mice through a positive impact on antigen-presenting cells and Th2 lymphocytes,"
|
|
Pancreas 11(1), 26-37, 1995.</p>
|
|
<p>C. D. Berdanier, "Diet, autoimmunity,
|
|
and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A controversy," Proc.
|
|
Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 209(3), 223-230, 1995. "The majority
|
|
of the genetic mutations that result in the phenotypic expression of
|
|
the insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus genotype are in the immune system."
|
|
Antibodies to milk protein can be found in the patient, but these probably
|
|
represent antigen mimicry, resulting from the loss of antibody specificity
|
|
which is a feature of autoimmune disease.</p>
|
|
<p>G. Bianchi, et al., "Thyroid
|
|
volume in type 1 diabetes patients without overt thyroid disease,"
|
|
|
|
Acta Diabetologica 32(1), 49-52, 1995. "An association between
|
|
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1) and thyroid diseases has
|
|
long been reported...."</p>
|
|
<p>P. Bjorntorp, "Insulin resistance:
|
|
The consequence of a neuroendocrine disturbance?" Int. J. Obes.
|
|
19(Suppl. 1), S6-S10, 1995. "The decreased capillary density
|
|
may...be of importance for the apparent insulin resistance."
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>R. Bouillon, et al., "Influence
|
|
of age, sex, and insulin on osteoblast function: Osteoblast dysfunction
|
|
in diabetes mellitus," J. of Clin. Endocr. and Metab. 80(4), 1194-1202,
|
|
1995. "...the osteoblast function is significantly decreased in
|
|
diabetic patients...."</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>A. Ceriello, et al., "The
|
|
defence against free radicals protects endothelial cells from hyperglycaemia-induced
|
|
plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 over-production," Blood Coagulation
|
|
& Fibrinolysis 6(2), 133-137, 1995. "The hypothesis that
|
|
oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic
|
|
complications is ... supported by this study." [GSH reduced
|
|
PAI-1.]</p>
|
|
<p>V. Coiro, et al., "Low-dose
|
|
ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in diabetes mellitus
|
|
with or without neuropathy," Metabolism--Clinical and Experimental
|
|
44(4), 538-542, 1995. "...basal and CRH-induced cortisol
|
|
levels were significantly higher in diabetics than in normal controls."
|
|
"...even uncomplicated diabetes mellitus is associated with adrenal
|
|
hyperfunction."</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>S. R. Colberg, et al., "Skeletal
|
|
muscle utilization of free fatty acids in women with visceral obesity,"
|
|
J. Clin. Invest. 95(4), 1846-1853, 1995. "Visceral obesity
|
|
is strongly associated with insulin resistance." "...visceral
|
|
adiposity is clearly associated with skeletal muscle insulin resistance
|
|
but this is not due to glucose-FFA [free fatty acid] substrate competition.
|
|
Instead, women with visceral obesity have reduced postabsorptive FFA
|
|
utilization by muscle."</p>
|
|
<p>G. A. Colditz, et al., "Weight
|
|
gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women,"
|
|
Annals of Internal Medicine 122(7), 481-486, 1995.</p>
|
|
<p>C. Douillet and M. Ciavatti, "Effect
|
|
of vitamin E treatment on tissue fatty acids and cholesterol content
|
|
in experimental diabetes," J. Nutr. Biochem. 6(6), 319-326, 1995.
|
|
|
|
"Diabetes induced a decrease of monounsaturated fatty acids and
|
|
particularly palmitoleic acid in all studied tissues: liver, aorta,
|
|
plasma." C18:3 n-6 and C20:4 n-6 were increased by diabetes.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>M. Garnier, et al., "Red
|
|
blood cell sodium conent in NID diabetic patients with hemorheological
|
|
abnormalities," Clinical Hemorheology 15(3), 325-333, 1995.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>K. D. Gerbitz, et al., "Mitochondrial
|
|
diabetes mellitus: A review," BBA--Mol. Basis Dis. 1271(1), 253-260,
|
|
1995. This particular kind of diabetes, which is combined with
|
|
deafness in 60% of the patients, involves a variant mitochondrial gene
|
|
and occurs in about 1.5% of diabetics. "The underlying pathomechanism
|
|
is probably a delayed insulin secretion due to an impaired mitochondrial
|
|
ATP production in consequence of the mtDNA defect." To know
|
|
the "causal" value of this gene we have to know how often
|
|
it occurs in people who never develop diabetes. It is interesting
|
|
that it is suggested to operate by way of impaired ATP production, which
|
|
can be the result of so many factors, such as excess unsaturated fats,
|
|
low thyroid, low magnesium, low copper, etc. Pages 141-151 of
|
|
the same journal as an article by D. C. Wallace, et al., "Mitochondrial
|
|
DNA mutations in human degenerative diseases and aging," which
|
|
makes the point that "Generally, individuals inheriting these mitochondrial
|
|
diseases are relatively normal in early life, develop symptoms during
|
|
childhood, mid-life, or old age depending on the severity of the ...
|
|
mutation; and then undergo a progressive decline." Their
|
|
energy-producing systems are supposedly more susceptible to the effects
|
|
of aging.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>J. Girard, "Role of free
|
|
fatty acids in insulin resistance of subjects with non-insulin-dependent
|
|
diabetes," Diabetes Metab. 21(2), 79-88, 1995. "Studies
|
|
performed in the rat suggest that impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion
|
|
could also be related to chronic exposure of pancreatic beta cells to
|
|
elevated plasma free fatty acid levels." [This direct effect
|
|
of free fatty acids on the beta cells is extremely important.
|
|
Estrogen--probably via GH--increases free fatty acids, and adrenalin--which
|
|
is elevated in hypothyroidism--increases the release of free fatty acids
|
|
from storage. Free fatty acids impair mitochondrail energy production.]</p>
|
|
<p>A. Golay, et al., "Effect
|
|
of lipid oxidation on the regulation of glucose utilization in obese
|
|
patients," Acta Diabetologica 32(1), 44-48, 1995. [Free fatty
|
|
acids strongly and quickly depress the ability to oxidize or store glucose.]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>A. Gomes, et al., "Anti-hyperglycemic
|
|
effect of black tea (Camellia sinensis) in rat," J. of Ethnopharmacology
|
|
45(3), 223-226, 1995. It "was found to possess both preventive
|
|
and curative effects on experimentally produced diabetes in rats."
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Y. Hattori, et al., "Phorbol
|
|
esters elicit Ca++-dependent delayed contractions in diabetic rat aorta,"
|
|
Eur. J. Pharmacol. 279(1), 51-58, 1995. [Diabetic tissue is more
|
|
responsive to activation of protein kinase C by phorbol esters.]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>B. A. Houssay and C. Martinez,
|
|
"Experimental diabetes and diet," Science 105, 548-549, 1947.
|
|
[Mortality was zero on the high coconut oil diet, 100% on the high lard
|
|
diet. It was 90% on the low protein diet, and 33% on the high
|
|
protein diet. With a combination of coconut oil and lard, 20%.]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>B. A. Houssay, et al., "Accion
|
|
de la administracion prolongada de glucosa sobre la diabetes de la rata,"
|
|
|
|
Rev. Soc. argent. de biol. 23, 288-293, 1947.</p>
|
|
<p>S. Ikemoto, et al., "High
|
|
fat diet-induced hyperglycemia: Prevention by low level expression
|
|
of a glucose transporter (GLUT4) minigene in transgenic mice,"
|
|
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92(8), 3096-3099, 1995. "...mice
|
|
fed a high-fat (safflower oil) diet develop defective glycemic control,
|
|
hyperglycemia, and obesity."</p>
|
|
<p>M. Inaba, et al., "Influence
|
|
of high glucose on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3-induced effect on human
|
|
osteoblast-like MG-63 cells," J. Bone Miner. Res. 10(7), 1050-1056,
|
|
1995.</p>
|
|
<p>J. S. Jensen, et al., "Microalbuminuria
|
|
reflects a generalized transvascular albumin leakiness in clinically
|
|
healthy subjects," Clin. Sci. 88(6), 629-633, 1995.
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>G. Jorneskog, et al., "Skin
|
|
capillary circulation severely impaired in toes of patients with IDDM,
|
|
with and without late diabetic complications," Diabetologia 38(4),
|
|
474-480, 1995.</p>
|
|
<p>A. M. Kahn and T. Song, "Insulin
|
|
inhibits dog vascular smooth muscle contraction and lowers Ca++[i] by
|
|
inhibiting Ca++ influx," J. of Nutrition 125(6 Suppl.), S1732-S1737,
|
|
1995.</p>
|
|
<p>F. Kuhlencordt, et al., "Examination
|
|
of the skeleton in diabetic patients up to age 45," Deutsche med.
|
|
Wchnschr. 91, 1913-1917, 1966. "Some patients have a generalized
|
|
osteoporosis-like process, and some have localized bone lesions...."
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>M. Kusunoki, et al., "Amelioration
|
|
of high fat feeding-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle with
|
|
the antiglucocorticoid RU486," Diabetes 44(6), 718-720, 1995.
|
|
"These results suggest that glucocorticoids play, in a tissue-specific
|
|
manner, a role in the maintenance and/or production of insulin resistance
|
|
produced by high-fat feeding."</p>
|
|
<p>A. Lazarow, "Protection against
|
|
alloxan diabetes," Anat. Rec. 97, 353, 1947.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>A. Lazarow, "Protective effect
|
|
of glutathione and cysteine against alloxan diabetes in the rat,"
|
|
|
|
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. & Med. 61, 441-447, 1946. [While certain doses
|
|
of cysteine, glutathione, and thioglycolic acid completely prevented
|
|
alloxan diabetes, it was interesting that all of the rats receiving
|
|
ascorbic acid became diabetic. To me, this argues for the free
|
|
radical cause of diabetes, rather than just the sulfhydryl oxidation.
|
|
Lazarow suggested that succinic dehydrogenase, and various other sulfhydryl
|
|
enzymes, including those involved in fatty acid oxidation, might be
|
|
involved.]</p>
|
|
<p>R. B. Lipton and J. A. Fivecoate,
|
|
"High risk of IDDM in African-American and Hispanic children in
|
|
Chicago, 1985-1990," Diabetes Care 18(4), 476-482, 1995.
|
|
"The relatively early age at onset may point to an environmental
|
|
factor associated with this high incidence of the disease."
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>G. S. Meneilly, et al., "Insulin-mediated
|
|
increase in blood flow is impaired in the elderly," J. Clin. Endocrinol.
|
|
Metab. 80(6), 1899-1903, 1995. "Normal aging is characterized
|
|
by resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake."
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>J. Ma, et al., "Associations
|
|
of serum and dietary magnesium with cardiovascular disease, hypertension,
|
|
diabetes, insulin, and carotid arterial wall thickness: The ARIC
|
|
study," J. Clin. Epidemiol. 48(7), 927-940, 1995. [Carotid
|
|
wall thickness increased in women as serum Mg level decreased.]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>Y. Matsumoto, et al., "Creatine
|
|
kinase kinetics in diabetic cardiomyopathy," Amer. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol.
|
|
Met. 31(5), E1070-E1076, 1995.</p>
|
|
<p>F. Mercure and G. Vanderkraak,
|
|
"Inhibition of gonadotropin-stimulated ovarian steroid production
|
|
by polyunsaturated fatty acids in teleost fish," Lipids 30(6),
|
|
547-554, 1995. "The inhibitory actions by PUFAs were not
|
|
restricted to long-chain PUFAs, as linoleic and linolenic acids had
|
|
similar actions in the goldfish. The inhibitory action of EPA
|
|
on testosterone production was reversible upon removal of the PUFA from
|
|
medium." "[Stimulated] ...testosterone production ...
|
|
was attenuated by PUFAs...."</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>H. Mulder, et al., "Non-parallelism
|
|
of islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) and insulin gene expression in
|
|
rat islets following dexamethasone treatment," Diabetologia 38(4),
|
|
395-402, 1995.</p>
|
|
<p>S. Nagasaka, et al., "Effect
|
|
of glycemic control on calcium and phosphorus handling and parathyroid
|
|
hormone level in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,"
|
|
Endocr. J. 42(3), 377-383, 1995. "...hyperglycemia causes
|
|
excess urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion in patients with NIDDM.
|
|
In response to urinary calcium loss, PTH secretion is mildly stimulated.
|
|
Bone formation seems to be suppressed in the hyperglycemic state in
|
|
spite of increased PTH secretion." [These are the changes
|
|
I would expect to see in hypothyroid people with high cortisol.]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>B. Oztas and M. Kucuk, "Influence
|
|
of acute arterial hypertension on blood-brain barrier permeability in
|
|
streptozocin-induced diabetic rats," Neuroscience Letters 188(1),
|
|
53-56, 1995.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>S. Phillips, et al., "Neuropathic
|
|
arthropathy of the spine in diabetes," Diabetes Care 18(6), 876-869,
|
|
1995.</p>
|
|
<p>J. F. Pouliot and R. Beliveau,
|
|
"Palmitoylation of the glucose transporter in blood-brain barrier
|
|
capillaries," Bioch. et Bioph. Acta--Biomembranes 1234(2), 191-196,
|
|
1995. "Palmitoylation may be involved in the regulation of
|
|
glucose transport activity in hyperglycemia."
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>R. Ramakrishnan and A. Namasivayam,
|
|
"Norepinephrine and epinephrine levels in the brain of alloxan
|
|
diabetic rats," Neuroscience Letters 186(2-3), 200-202, 1995.
|
|
[Epinephrine increased in striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus, Norepinephrine
|
|
increased in hypothalamus and decreased in pons and medulla.]
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>J. G. Regensteiner, et al., "Effects
|
|
of non-insulin-dependent diabetes on oxygen consumption during treadmill
|
|
exercise," Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 27(6), 874-881, 1995.
|
|
"The reduced rate of increase in oxygen consumption during increasing
|
|
submaximal work loads in NIDDM suggests that limitations in oxygen delivery
|
|
may impair exercise performance in otherwise healthy persons with diabetes."
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>A. A. Shaltout, et al., "High
|
|
incidence of childhood-onset IDDM in Kuwait," Diabetes Care 18(7),
|
|
923-927, 1995. The incidence of IDDM in children is high in the
|
|
region and has apparently increased nearly fourfold in the last decade.
|
|
This is especially significant, since diabetes that appears in childhood
|
|
is especially important for the theory of genetic causation. This
|
|
study should give the gene people real trouble. They might have
|
|
to call in the "gene for bed-wetting" people to help with
|
|
their case.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>M. A. Smith, et al., "Radical
|
|
AGEing in Alzheimer's disease," Trends in Neurosciences 18(4),
|
|
172-176, 1995.</p>
|
|
<p>A. Tchernof, et al., "Relation
|
|
of steroid hormones to glucose tolerance and plasma insulin levels in
|
|
men: Importance of visceral adipose tissue," Diabetes Care
|
|
28(3), 292-299, 1995.</p>
|
|
<p>A. Tchernof, et al., "Reduced
|
|
testosterone and adrenal C-19 steroid levels in obese men," Metabolism--Clin.
|
|
and Exp. 44(4), 513-519, 1995. "...reduced concentrations
|
|
of testosterone and adrenal C-19 steroid precursors are associated with
|
|
increased body fatness rather than with excess visceral fat accumulation."
|
|
[These results] "...emphasize the importance of adrenal steroids
|
|
as correlates of body composition in men."</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>B. G. Trumper, et al., "Circadian
|
|
variation of insulin requirement in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus--The
|
|
relationship between circadian change in insulin demand and diurnal
|
|
patterns of growth hormone, cortisol and glucagon during euglycemia,"
|
|
Hormone and Metabolic Research 27(3), 141-147, 1995. "The
|
|
results of the study showed that the early morning rise in the insulin
|
|
demand is related to the increased early morning cortisol secretion
|
|
and to the nocturnal peaks of growth hormone concentration."
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>M. Udvardy, et al., "Altered
|
|
lysis resistance of platelet-rich clots in patients with insulin-dependent
|
|
diabetes mellitus," Thromb. Res. 79(1), 57-63, 1995. Suppression
|
|
of clot-dissolving "...was remarkably stronger in IDDM, along with
|
|
the highest PAI-1 activity concentration ratio of the platelet lysates,
|
|
compared to plasmatic levels."</p>
|
|
<p>P. Vague, et al., "Hypofibrinolysis
|
|
and the insulin resistance syndrome," Int. J. Obes. 19(Suppl. 1),
|
|
S11-S15, 1995. Hypofibrinolysis is observed among obese subjects
|
|
and it has been shown that an excess of plasminogen activator inhibitor
|
|
1 (PAI 1) the main regulator of the fibrinolytic system, is closely
|
|
associated to other components of the insulin resistance syndrome, namely,
|
|
excessive body weight, high waist to hip ratio, elevated blood pressure,
|
|
hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia."</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>E. O. Vianna and J. Garcialeme,
|
|
"Allergen-induced airway inflammation in rats: Role of insulin,"
|
|
American J. of Respiratory and Critical Care Med. 151(3), 809-814, 1995.
|
|
"Clinical asthma appears to be less severe when diabetes mellitus
|
|
is superimposed."</p>
|
|
<p>A. Warley, et al., "Capillary
|
|
surface area is reduced and tissue thickness from capillaries to myocytes
|
|
is increased in the left ventricle of streptozotocin-diabetic rats,"
|
|
Diabetologia 38(4), 413-421, 1995.</p>
|
|
<p>G. C. Weir, "Which comes
|
|
first in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Insulin resistance
|
|
or beta-cell failure? Both come first," JAMA 273(23), 1878-1879,
|
|
1995.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>N. R. Williams, et al., "Plasma,
|
|
granulocyte and mononuclear cell copper and zinc in patients with diabetes
|
|
mellitus," Analyst 120(3), 887-890, 1995. "...the copper
|
|
and zinc status of these diabetic patients was reduced, providing further
|
|
evidence of a role for these antioxidant" trace elements in this
|
|
disease.</p>
|
|
<p>T. Yamakawa, et al., "Augmented
|
|
production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in obese mice," Clinical
|
|
Immunology and Immunopathology 75(1), 51-56, 1995. "...the
|
|
TNF-alpha derived from adipose tissues might be involved in the induction
|
|
of peripheral insulin resistance..."</p>
|
|
<p>T. Yamashita, et al., "Increased
|
|
transendothelial permeation of albumin by high glucose concentration,"
|
|
|
|
Metabolism 44(6), 739-744, 1995.</p>
|
|
<p>M. B. Zemel, "Insulin resistance
|
|
vs. hyperinsulinemia in hypertension: Insulin regulation of Ca++
|
|
transport and Ca++-regulation of insulin sensitivity," Journal
|
|
of Nutrition 125(6 Suppl.), S1738-S1743, 1995.</p>
|
|
<p>B. M. Zenere, et al., "Noninvasive
|
|
detection of functional alterations of the arterial wall in IDDM patients
|
|
with and without microalbuminuria," Diabetes Care 18(7), 975-982,
|
|
1995. [There is a reduced vasodilatory capacity in diabetes, and
|
|
especially in patients who are leaking albumin.]</p>
|
|
<p>D. B. Zilvermit, et al., "Oxidation
|
|
of glucose labelled with radioactive carbon by normal and alloxandiabetic
|
|
rats," J. Biol. Chem. 176, 389-400, 1948. [Diabetic rats
|
|
had the same rate of glucose oxidation as normal rats, in this experiment.
|
|
This is an artificial form of diabetes that doesn't immediately involve
|
|
an excess of unsaturated fatty acids, as occurs during stress, estrogen
|
|
excess, hypothyroidism, or diets high in polyunsaturated fats which
|
|
can cause a more "natural" kind of diabetes. The artificial
|
|
alloxandiabetes forces the animal to oxidize an excess of fatty acids,
|
|
and eventually should lead to the same kind of mitochondrial damage
|
|
seen in natural diabetes.]</p>
|
|
</small>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<p class="C">Library of GigaChad | <a href="/" target="_blank">GigaChad</a></p>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|