667 lines
41 KiB
HTML
667 lines
41 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
|
<html lang="en">
|
|
<head>
|
|
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
|
<title>The Great Fish Oil Experiment — GigaChad</title>
|
|
<link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico">
|
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.css?v=1">
|
|
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
|
|
<meta property="og:title" content="The Great Fish Oil Experiment — GigaChad">
|
|
<meta property="og:description" content="The greatest website on the interwebz!">
|
|
<meta property="og:image" content="/icons/chads/chad.png">
|
|
</head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<script>
|
|
const setTheme = () => {
|
|
const root = document.documentElement
|
|
const storage = localStorage.length > 0 ? localStorage : sessionStorage
|
|
for (let key in storage) {
|
|
if (storage.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
|
|
root.style.setProperty(key, storage.getItem(key))
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
setTheme()
|
|
document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', () => { if (!document.hidden) setTheme() })
|
|
</script>
|
|
<h1>The Great Fish Oil Experiment</h1>
|
|
<div style="text-align: center;">
|
|
<a href="/"><img class="epic" src="/icons/chads/chad.png"></a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<p class="nav"><span class="nav-left">Listed under <a href="/ray-peat.html">Ray Peat</a>.</span><span class="nav-right"><a href="/theme.html">Theme</a></span></p>
|
|
<p>From the <a href="https://raypeat.com/articles/articles/fishoil.shtml" target="_blank">original article</a> in 2007. Author: <a href="https://raypeat.com/" target="_blank">Ray Peat</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Reading medical journals and following the mass media, it's easy
|
|
to get the idea that fish oil is something any sensible person should
|
|
use. It's rare to see anything suggesting that it could be dangerous. </p><p>
|
|
During the recent years in which the U.S. government has gone from warning
|
|
against the consumption of too much of these omega-3 oils
|
|
<em>("to assure that the combined daily intake of two fatty acids
|
|
that are components" "(i.e., eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and
|
|
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) would not exceed 3 grams per person per
|
|
day (g/p/d)")</em> to sponsoring biased industry claims, there has
|
|
been considerable accumulation of information about the dangers of fish
|
|
oils and omega-3 fatty acids. But there has been an even greater increase
|
|
in the industry's promotional activities.
|
|
</p><p>
|
|
The US government and the mass media selectively promote research that
|
|
is favorable to the fish oil industry. The editorial boards of oil research
|
|
journals often include industry representatives, and their editorial
|
|
decisions favor research conclusions that promote the industry, in the
|
|
way that editorial decisions in previous decades favored articles that
|
|
denied the dangers of radiation and reported that estrogen cures almost
|
|
everything. Marcia Angell, former editor of the NEJM, has observed that
|
|
the "significant results" reported in published studies can
|
|
be properly interpreted only by knowing how many studies reporting opposite
|
|
results were rejected by the editors. </p><p>
|
|
One way to evaluate published studies is to see whether they tell you
|
|
everything you would need to know to replicate the experiment, and whether
|
|
the information they provide is adequate for drawing the conclusions
|
|
they draw, for example whether they compared the experimental subjects
|
|
to proper control subjects. With just a few minimal critical principles
|
|
of this sort, most "scientific" publications on nutrition,
|
|
endocrinology, cancer and other degenerative diseases are seen to be
|
|
unscientific. In nutritional experiments with fish oil, controls must
|
|
receive similar amounts of vitamins A, D, E, and K, and should include
|
|
fat free or "EFA" deficient diets for comparison. </p><p>
|
|
In declaring EPA and DHA to be safe, the FDA neglected to evaluate their
|
|
antithyroid, immunosuppressive, lipid peroxidative (Song et al., 2000),
|
|
light sensitizing, and antimitochondrial effects, their depression of
|
|
glucose oxidation (Delarue et al., 2003), and their contribution to
|
|
metastatic cancer (Klieveri, et al., 2000), lipofuscinosis and liver
|
|
damage, among other problems. </p>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>“Houston-based
|
|
Omega Protein Inc.'s bottom line may get a little fatter.</p>
|
|
<p>The publicly traded company, which produces an Omega-3 fatty acid product
|
|
called OmegaPure, has signed an agreement to provide its fish oil in
|
|
school lunches in 38 school districts in South Texas beginning this
|
|
month. </p>
|
|
<p>The 500-person company, which has ties to former President George Bush's
|
|
Zapata Corp., will distribute the product through an agreement with
|
|
Mercedes-based H&H Foods. </p>
|
|
<p>Although the dollar amount of the contract between Omega Protein and
|
|
H&H Foods hinges on future sales, the company is poised to cash
|
|
in as school administrators and parents refocus their attention on the
|
|
nutritional content of student diets. </p>
|
|
<p>Omega Protein President and CEO Joseph von Rosenberg says the company's
|
|
recent investment of $16.5 million for a fish oil refinery in Reedville,
|
|
Va., scheduled for completion in May, and an increased awareness of
|
|
the benefits of Omega-3 in human food, positions Omega to capitalize
|
|
on predicted demand.”</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Jenna Colley<br>
|
|
Houston Business Journal</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Andrew Weil was on the radio recently recommending DHA (usually found
|
|
in fish oil*) to treat depression, and I think that means that a lot
|
|
of people are buying it and eating it. A few years ago the government
|
|
declared that it was "generally regarded as safe" and approved
|
|
its use in baby formula, and a few months ago Texas school districts
|
|
contracted with Omega Protein (which grew out of the Bush family's Zapata
|
|
Corporation) to provide menhaden fish oil for school lunches. Between
|
|
the 1950s and the 1970s, people were assured that eating polyunsaturated
|
|
seed oils would protect them against heart disease. There's no evidence
|
|
that the bad outcome of that campaign decreased the gullibility of the
|
|
public. They are happily joining in the latest public health experiment.</p>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>*Weil recommends eating "oily fish"--"wild Alaskan
|
|
salmon, mackerel, sardines, or herring"--. "If you do take
|
|
supplements, fish oil is a better source of DHA than algae"
|
|
</em>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
When a group of people in government and industry decide on a policy,
|
|
they can use carrots (good jobs, grants, and prestige) and sticks (loss
|
|
of jobs and grants, organized slander, and worse) to make their guidelines
|
|
clear, and most people will choose to follow those cues, even if they
|
|
know that the policy is wrong. Historically, policy makers have told
|
|
the public that "radiation is good for you," "estrogen
|
|
will make you fertile (or safely infertile) and feminine and strong
|
|
and intelligent," "starchy foods will prevent diabetes and
|
|
obesity," "using diuretics and avoiding salt will make pregnancy
|
|
safer," and that the polyunsaturated fatty acids are "nutritionally
|
|
essential, and will prevent heart disease."</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The original "essential fatty acids" were linoleic,
|
|
linolenic, and arachidonic acids. Now that the toxic effects of those
|
|
are coming to be recognized, new "essential fatty acids,"
|
|
the omega-3 fatty acids, including those with long chains, found in
|
|
fish oils, are said to make babies more intelligent, to be necessary
|
|
for good vision, and to prevent cancer, heart disease, obesity, arthritis,
|
|
depression, epilepsy, psychosis, dementia, ulcers, eczema and dry skin.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
With just a normal amount of vitamin E in the diet, cod liver oil is
|
|
certain to be highly oxidized in the tissues of a mammal that eats a
|
|
lot of it, and an experiment with dogs showed that it could increase
|
|
their cancer mortality from the normal 5% to 100%. Although fish oils
|
|
rapidly destroy vitamin E in the body, some of them, especially the
|
|
liver oils, can provide useful vitamins, A and D. In studies comparing
|
|
fish oil diets with standard diets, these nutrients, as well as any
|
|
toxins besides fatty acids (Huang, et al., 1997; Miyazaki, et al., 1998)
|
|
in either type of oil, should be taken into account, but they seldom
|
|
are.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Despite the nutritional value of those vitamins, fish oils are generally
|
|
much more immunosuppressive than the seed oils, and the early effects
|
|
of fish oil on the "immune system" include the suppression
|
|
of prostaglandin synthesis, because the more highly unsaturated long
|
|
chain fats interfere with the conversion of linoleic acid into arachidonic
|
|
acid and prostaglandins. The prostaglandins are so problematic that
|
|
their suppression is helpful, whether the inhibition is caused by aspirin
|
|
or vitamin E, or by fish oil.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Some of the important antiinflammatory effects of fish oil result from
|
|
the oxidized oils, rather than the unchanged oils (Sethi, 2002; Chaudhary,
|
|
et al., 2004). These oils are so unstable that they begin to spontaneously
|
|
oxidize even before they reach the bloodstream. </p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
In experiments that last just a few weeks or months, there may not be
|
|
time for cancers to develop, and on that time scale, the immunosuppressive
|
|
and antiinflammatory effects of oxidized fish oil might seem beneficial.
|
|
For a few decades, x-ray treatments were used to relieve inflammatory
|
|
conditions, and most of the doctors who promoted the treatment were
|
|
able to retire before their patients began suffering the fatal effects
|
|
of atrophy, fibrosis, and cancer. (But a few people are still advocating
|
|
x-ray therapy for inflammatory diseases, e.g., Hildebrandt, et al.,
|
|
2003.) The fish oil fad is now just as old as the x-ray fad was at its
|
|
peak of popularity, and if its antiinflammatory actions involve the
|
|
same mechanisms as the antiinflammatory immunosuppressive x-ray treatments,
|
|
then we can expect to see another epidemic of fibrotic conditions and
|
|
cancer in about 15 to 20 years.</p><p>
|
|
Around 1970 researchers reported that animals given fish oil in their
|
|
food lived longer than animals on the standard diet. Alex Comfort, who
|
|
was familiar with the research showing that simple reduction of food
|
|
intake increased longevity, observed that the animals were very reluctant
|
|
to eat the food containing smelly fish oil, and were eating so little
|
|
food that their longevity could be accounted for by their reduced caloric
|
|
intake. Even when "fresh" deodorized fish oil is added to
|
|
the diet, its spontaneous oxidation before it reaches the animal's tissues
|
|
reduces its caloric value. Without antioxidants, fish oil is massively
|
|
degraded within 48 hours, and even with a huge amount of antioxidant
|
|
there is still considerable degradation (Gonzalez, 1988; Klein, et al.,
|
|
1990).</p><p>
|
|
Fish oil has been used for hundreds of years as varnish or for fuel
|
|
in lamps, and the fatty fish have been used as fertilizer and animal
|
|
feed, and later the hydrogenated solid form of the oil, which is more
|
|
stable, has been used in Europe as a food substitute for people. When
|
|
whale hunting was reduced around 1950, fish oil was substituted for
|
|
whale oil in margarine production. Like the seed oils, such as linseed
|
|
oil, the fish oils were mostly replaced by petroleum derivatives in
|
|
the paint industry after the 1960s. </p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Although by 1980 many animal diseases were known to be caused by eating
|
|
oily fish, and the unsaturated oils were known to accelerate the formation
|
|
of the "age pigment," lipofuscin, many "beneficial effects"
|
|
of dietary fish oil started appearing in research journals around that
|
|
time, and the mass media, responding to the industry's public relations
|
|
campaign, began ignoring studies that showed harmful effects from eating
|
|
fish oil. </p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
When reviewers in professional journals begin to ignore valid research
|
|
whose conclusions are harmful to the fish oil industry, we can see that
|
|
the policy guidelines set by the industry and its agents in government
|
|
have become clear. Around the end of the century, we begin to see a
|
|
strange literary device appearing, in which research reports on the
|
|
toxic effects of omega-3 oils are prefaced by remarks to the effect
|
|
that "we all know how great these oils are for good health."
|
|
I think I detect groveling and shuffling of the feet by authors who
|
|
want to get their work published. If you are willing to say that your
|
|
work probably doesn't mean what it seems to mean, maybe they will publish
|
|
it.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
For more than 50 years, the great majority of the medical publications
|
|
on estrogen were part of the drug industry's campaign to fraudulently
|
|
gain billions of dollars, and anyone who cared to analyze them could
|
|
see that the authors and editors were part of a cult, rather than seekers
|
|
of useful knowledge. Likewise, the doctrine of the harmlessness of x-rays
|
|
and radioactive fallout was kept alive for several decades by demonizing
|
|
all who challenged it. It now looks as though we are in danger of entering
|
|
another period of medical-industrial-governmental cultism, this time
|
|
to promote the universal use of polyunsaturated fats as both drugs and
|
|
foods.</p><p>
|
|
In 2004, a study of 29,133 men reported that the use of omega-3 oil
|
|
or consumption of fish didn't decrease depression or suicide, and in
|
|
2001, a study of 42,612 men and women reported that after more than
|
|
9 years the use of cod liver oil showed no protective effect against
|
|
coronary heart disease (Hakkarainen, et al., 2004; Egeland, et al.,
|
|
2001). </p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The most popular way of arguing that fish oil will prevent heart disease
|
|
is to show that it lowers blood lipids, continuing the old approach
|
|
of the American Heart Association's "heart protective diet."
|
|
Unfortunately for that argument, it's now known that the triglycerides
|
|
in the blood are decreased because of the fish oil's toxic effects on
|
|
the liver (Hagve and Christophersen, 1988; Ritskes-Hoitinga, et al.,
|
|
1998). In experiments with rats, EPA and DHA lowered blood lipids only
|
|
when given to rats that had been fed, in which case the fats were incorporated
|
|
into tissues, and suppressed mitochondrial respiration (Osmundsen, et
|
|
al., 1998).</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The belief that eating cholesterol causes heart disease was based mainly
|
|
on old experiments with rabbits, and subsequent experiments have made
|
|
it clear that it is <strong><em>oxidized</em></strong> cholesterol that damages
|
|
the arteries (Stapran, et al., 1997). Since both fish oil and oxidized
|
|
cholesterol damage rabbits' arteries, and since the lipid peroxides
|
|
associated with fish oil attack a great variety of biological materials,
|
|
including the LDL lipoproteins carrying cholesterol, the implications of
|
|
the rabbit experiments now seem very different. </p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Another way of arguing for the use of fish oil or other omega-3 fats
|
|
is to show a correlation between disease and a decreased amount of EPA,
|
|
DHA, or arachidonic acid in the tissues, and to say "these oils
|
|
are deficient, the disease is caused by a deficiency of essential fatty
|
|
acids." Those oils are extremely susceptible to oxidation, so they
|
|
tend to spontaneously disappear in response to tissue injury, cellular
|
|
excitation, the increased energy demands of stress, exposure to toxins
|
|
or ionizing radiation, or even exposure to light. That spontaneous oxidation
|
|
is what made them useful as varnish or paint medium. But it is what
|
|
makes them sensitize the tissues to injury. Their "deficiency"
|
|
in the tissues frequently corresponds to the intensity of oxidative
|
|
stress and lipid peroxidation; it is usually their presence, rather
|
|
than their deficiency, that created the disposition for the disease.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
One of the earliest harmful effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids,
|
|
PUFA, to be observed was their acceleration of the formation of lipofuscin
|
|
or ceroid, the "age pigment," during oxidative stress or vitamin
|
|
E deficiency. Associated with the formation of lipofuscin, the PUFA
|
|
were discovered to cause degeneration of the gonads and brain, and the
|
|
fact that vitamin E could prevent some of their toxic effects led to
|
|
the idea that vitamin E was essentially an antioxidant. Unfortunately,
|
|
the protective effect of vitamin E against the PUFA is only partial
|
|
(Allard, et al., 1997).</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The degenerative diseases are all associated with disturbances involving
|
|
fat metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Alzheimer's disease, alcoholic
|
|
and nonalcoholic liver disease, retinal degeneration, epilepsy, AIDS,
|
|
diabetes, and a variety of circulatory problems involve breakdown products
|
|
of the PUFA. The products of PUFA decomposition include acrolein, malondialdehyde,
|
|
hydroxynonenal, crotonaldehyde, ethane, pentane, and the neuroprostanes,
|
|
which are prostaglandin-like molecules formed from DHA by free radical
|
|
lipid peroxidation products, especially in the brain and at a higher
|
|
level in Alzheimer's disease.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The reactions of three types of cell--vascular endothelium, nerve cells,
|
|
and thymus cells--to the PUFA will illustrate some of the important
|
|
processes involved in their toxicity.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
When the body doesn't have enough glucose, free fatty acids are released
|
|
from the tissues, and their oxidation blocks the oxidation of glucose
|
|
even when it becomes available from the breakdown of protein caused
|
|
by cortisol, which is released during glucose deprivation. Cells of
|
|
the thymus are sensitive to glucose deprivation, and even in the presence
|
|
of glucose, cortisol prevents them from using glucose, causing them
|
|
to take up fatty acids. The thymic cells die easily when exposed either
|
|
to excess cortisol, or deficient glucose. The polyunsaturated fatty
|
|
acids<strong> </strong>linoleate, arachidonate, and eicosapentaenoic, are especially
|
|
toxic to thymic cells by preventing their inactivation of cortisol,
|
|
increasing its action. (Klein, et al., 1987, 1989, 1990). Lymphocytes
|
|
from people with AIDS and leukemia are less able to metabolize cortisol.
|
|
An extract of serum from AIDS patients caused lymphocytes exposed to
|
|
cortisol to die 7 times faster than cells from healthy people. AIDS
|
|
patients have high levels of both cortisol and free polyunsaturated
|
|
fatty acids (Christeff, et al., 1988).</p><p>
|
|
The cytotoxicity caused by EPA and its metabolites (15 mg. of EPA per
|
|
liter killed over 90% of a certain type of macrophage) isn't inhibited
|
|
by vitamin E (Fyfe and Abbey, 2000). Immunological activation tends
|
|
to kill T cells that contain PUFA (Switzer, et al., 2003).</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
When animals are fed fish oil and then exposed to bacteria, their immunosuppressed
|
|
thymic (T) cells cause them to succumb to the infection more easily
|
|
than animals fed coconut oil or a fat free diet. Natural killer cells,
|
|
which eliminate cancer cells and virus infected cells, are decreased
|
|
after eating fish oil, and T suppressor cells are often increased. More
|
|
subtle interference with immunity is produced by the actions of PUFA
|
|
on the "immune synapse," a contact between cells that permits
|
|
the transmission of immunological information. The immunosuppressive
|
|
effect of fish oil is recognized as a useful aid in preventing the rejection
|
|
of transplanted organs, but some studies are showing that survival a
|
|
year after transplantation isn't improved.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially those that can be turned into
|
|
prostaglandins, are widely involved in causing inflammation and vascular
|
|
leakiness. EPA and DHA don't form ordinary prostaglandins, though the
|
|
isoprostanes and neuroprostanes they produce during lipid peroxidation
|
|
behave in many ways like the more common prostaglandins, and their enzymically
|
|
formed eicosanoids have some functions similar to those of the common
|
|
prostaglandins. The brain contains a very high concentration of these
|
|
unstable fatty acids, and they are released in synapses by ordinary
|
|
excitatory process. </p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Chan, et al., 1983, found that polyunsaturated fats caused brain swelling
|
|
and increased blood vessel permeability. In 1988, Chan's group found
|
|
that DHA and other polyunsaturated fatty acids added to cultured cells
|
|
from the cerebral cortex produced free radicals and stimulated production
|
|
of malondialdehyde and lactate, and inhibited the uptake of glutamic
|
|
acid, which suggests that they would contribute to prolonged excitation
|
|
of the nerves (Yu, et al., 1986). In brain slices, the polyunsaturated
|
|
fatty acids caused the production of free radicals and swelling of the
|
|
tissue, and the saturated fatty acids didn't (Chan and Fishman, 1980).
|
|
The PUFA inhibited the respiration of mitochondria in brain cells (Hillered
|
|
and Chan, 1988), and at a higher concentration, caused them to swell
|
|
(Hillered and Chan, 1989), but saturated fatty acids didn't produce
|
|
edema. Free radical activity was shown to cause the liberation of free
|
|
fatty acids from the cellular structure (Chan, et al., 1982, 1984).
|
|
The activation of lipases by free radicals and lipid peroxides, with
|
|
the loss of potassium from the cells, suggests that excitation can become
|
|
a self-stimulating process, leading to cellular destruction.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
DHA itself, rather than its decomposition products, facilitates excitatory
|
|
(glutamate) nerve transmission (Nishikawa, et al., 1994), and that excitatory
|
|
action causes the release of arachidonic acid (Pellerin and Wolfe, 1991).</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Considering just one of the products of fish oil peroxidation, acrolein,
|
|
and a few of its effects in cells, we can get an idea of the types of
|
|
damage that could result from increasing the amount of omega-3 fats
|
|
in our tissues.</p><p>
|
|
The "barrier" between the brain and blood stream is one of
|
|
the most effective vascular barriers in the body, but it is very permeable
|
|
to oils, and lipid peroxidation disrupts it, damaging the ATPase that
|
|
regulates sodium and potassium (Stanimirovic, et al., 1995). Apparently,
|
|
anything that depletes the cell's energy, lowering ATP, allows an excess
|
|
of calcium to enter cells, contributing to their death (Ray, et al.,
|
|
1994). Increasing intracellular calcium activates phospholipases, releasing
|
|
more polyunsaturated fats (Sweetman, et al., 1995) The acrolein which
|
|
is released during lipid peroxidation inhibits mitochondrial function
|
|
by poisoning the crucial respiratory enzyme, cytochrome oxidase, resulting
|
|
in a decreased ability to produce energy (Picklo and Montine, 2001).
|
|
(In the retina, the PUFA contribute to light-induced damage of the energy
|
|
producing ability of the cells [King, 2004], by damaging the same crucial
|
|
enzyme.) Besides inhibiting the ability of nerve cells to produce energy
|
|
from the oxidation of glucose, acrolein inhibits the ability of cells
|
|
to regulate the excitatory amino acid glutamate (Lovell, et al., 2000),
|
|
contributing to the excitatory process. High levels of acrolein (and
|
|
other products of PUFA degradation) are found in the brain in Alzheimer's
|
|
disease (Lovell, et al., 2001).</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The "prion" diseases, CJD and TSE/BSE (mad cow disease) have
|
|
many features in common with Alzheimer's disease, and several studies
|
|
have shown that the "prion" protein produces its damage by
|
|
activating the lipases that release polyunsaturated fatty acids and
|
|
produce lipid peroxides (Bate, et al., 2004, Stewart, et al., 2001).</p><p>
|
|
Acrolein reacts with DNA, causing "genetic" damage, and also
|
|
reacts with the lysine in proteins, for example contributing to the
|
|
toxicity of oxidized low density lipoproteins (LDL), the proteins that
|
|
carry cholesterol and that became famous because of their involvement
|
|
in the development of atherosclerosis that was supposedly caused by
|
|
eating saturated fats. </p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
My newsletter on mad cow disease discussed the evidence incriminating
|
|
the use of fish meal in animal feed, as a cause of the degenerative
|
|
brain diseases, and earlier newsletters (glycemia, and glycation) discussed
|
|
the reasons for thinking that inappropriate glycation of lysine groups
|
|
in proteins, as a result of a lack of protective carbon dioxide/carbamino
|
|
groups, produces the amyloid (or "prion") proteins that characterize
|
|
the dementias. Acrolein, produced from the decomposing "fish oils"
|
|
in the brain, is probably the most reactive product of lipid peroxidation
|
|
in the brain, and so would be likely to cause the glycation of lysine
|
|
in the plaque-forming proteins.</p><p>
|
|
These toxic effects of acrolein in the brain are analogous to the multitude
|
|
of toxic effects of the omega-3 fatty acids and their breakdown products
|
|
in all of the other organs and tissues of the body. Cancer cells are
|
|
unusual in their degree of resistance to the lethal actions of the lipid
|
|
peroxides, but the inflammatory effects of the highly unsaturated fatty
|
|
acids are now widely recognized to be essentially involved in the process
|
|
of cancerization (my newsletters on cancer and leakiness discuss some
|
|
of the ways the fats are involved in tumor development).</p><p>
|
|
The fats that we synthesize from sugar, or coconut oil, or oleic acid,
|
|
the omega-9 series, are protective against the inflammatory PUFA, in
|
|
some cases more effective even than vitamin E. </p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Woody Allen's 1973 movie, <strong><em>Sleeper,</em></strong> the protagonist
|
|
woke up after being frozen for 200 years, to find that saturated fats
|
|
were health foods. At the time the movie was made, that had already
|
|
been established (e.g., Hartroft and Porta, 1968 edition of<em> Present
|
|
Knowledge in Nutrition</em>, who showed that adequate saturated fat in
|
|
the diet helped to protect against the formation of lipofuscin).</p><p>
|
|
<h2>PS:</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds says 2004 has been the most
|
|
catastrophic breeding season on record for seabirds along UK coasts.
|
|
It says industrial fishing to supply fish meal and oil is barely sustainable
|
|
and imperils the whole marine food web.</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
"The UK has suffered serious seabird disasters this year already.
|
|
In Shetland and Orkney, entire colonies of birds failed to produce any
|
|
young because of severe food shortages. "On top of that, hundreds
|
|
of seabirds have been washing ashore having perished at sea. Again,
|
|
lack of food is thought to be one of the reasons." The report,
|
|
Assessment Of The Sustainability Of Industrial Fisheries Producing Fish
|
|
Meal And Fish Oil, was compiled for the RSPB by Poseidon Aquatic Resource
|
|
Management Ltd and the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.</p>
|
|
<h2>References</h2>
|
|
<small>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Neuroreport. 2002 Oct 28;13(15):1933-8. <strong>Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors
|
|
protect against prion-induced neurotoxicity in vitro.</strong> Bate C, Rutherford
|
|
S, Gravenor M, Reid S, Williams A.</p><p>
|
|
Neuroreport. 2004 Mar 1;15(3):509-13.<strong> The role of platelet activating
|
|
factor in prion and amyloid-beta neurotoxicity.</strong> Bate C, Salmona
|
|
M, Williams A.</p><p>
|
|
J Biol Chem. 2004 Aug 27;279(35):36405-11. <strong>Phospholipase A2 inhibitors
|
|
or platelet-activating factor antagonists prevent prion replication.</strong>
|
|
Bate C, Reid S, Williams A. </p><p>
|
|
J Neurochem 1980 Oct;35(4):1004-7.<strong> Transient formation of superoxide
|
|
radicals in polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced brain swelling.</strong> Chan
|
|
PH, Fishman RA.</p><p>
|
|
Brain Res. 1982 Sep 23;248(1):151-7. <strong>Alterations of membrane integrity
|
|
and cellular constituents by arachidonic acid in neuroblastoma and glioma
|
|
cells.</strong> Chan PH, Fishman RA.</p><p>
|
|
J Neurochem. 1982 Feb;38(2):525-31. <strong>Phospholipid degradation and
|
|
cellular edema induced by free radicals in brain cortical slices.</strong>
|
|
Chan PH, Yurko M, Fishman RA. </p><p>
|
|
Ann Neurol. 1983 Jun;13(6):625-32. <strong>Induction of brain edema following
|
|
intracerebral injection of arachidonic acid.</strong> Chan PH, Fishman RA,
|
|
Caronna J, Schmidley JW, Prioleau G, Lee J.</p><p>
|
|
J Neurosci Res. 1984;12(4):595-605. <strong>Release of polyunsaturated fatty
|
|
acids from phospholipids and alteration of brain membrane integrity
|
|
by oxygen-derived free radicals.</strong> Chan PH, Fishman RA, Schmidley
|
|
JW, Chen SF.</p><p>
|
|
J Neurochem 1988 Apr;50(4):1185-93.<strong>
|
|
Induction of intracellular superoxide radical formation by arachidonic
|
|
acid and by polyunsaturated fatty acids in primary astrocytic cultures.</strong>
|
|
Chan PH, Chen SF, Yu AC. </p><p>
|
|
Clin Exp Immunol. 2002 Oct;130(1):12-8.<strong> Dietary n-3 PUFA affect TcR-mediated
|
|
activation of purified murine T cells and accessory cell function in
|
|
co-cultures.</strong> Chapkin RS, Arrington JL, Apanasovich TV, Carroll RJ,
|
|
McMurray DN.</p><p>
|
|
J Biol Chem. 2004 Jul 16;279(29):30402-9. Epub 2004 Apr 14. <strong>Nonenzymatic
|
|
glycation at the N terminus of pathogenic prion protein in transmissible
|
|
spongiform encephalopathies. </strong>Choi YG, Kim JI, Jeon YC, Park SJ,
|
|
Choi EK, Rubenstein R, Kascsak RJ, Carp RI, Kim YS. Transmissible spongiform
|
|
encephalopathies (TSEs) are transmissible neurodegenerative diseases
|
|
characterized by the accumulation of an abnormally folded prion protein,
|
|
termed PrPSc, and the development of pathological features of astrogliosis,
|
|
vacuolation, neuronal cell loss, and in some cases amyloid plaques.
|
|
Although considerable structural characterization of prion protein has
|
|
been reported, neither the method of conversion of cellular prion protein,
|
|
PrPC, into the pathogenic isoform nor the post-translational modification
|
|
processes involved is known. We report that in animal and human <strong>TSEs,
|
|
one or more lysines at residues 23, 24, and 27 of PrPSc are covalently
|
|
modified with advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs),</strong> which
|
|
may be carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), one of the structural varieties of
|
|
AGEs. The arginine residue at position 37 may also be modified with
|
|
AGE, but not the arginine residue at position 25. This result suggests
|
|
that nonenzymatic glycation is one of the post-translational modifications
|
|
of PrP(Sc). Furthermore, immunostaining studies indicate that, at least
|
|
in clinically affected hamsters, astrocytes are the first site of this
|
|
glycation process.</p><p>
|
|
Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1988 Jul;24(7):1179-83.<strong> Abnormal free fatty
|
|
acids and cortisol concentrations in the serum of AIDS patients.</strong>
|
|
Christeff N, Michon C, Goertz G, Hassid J, Matheron S, Girard PM, Coulaud
|
|
JP, Nunez EA</p><p>
|
|
Lipids. 1996 Aug;31(8):829-37. <strong>Effect of dietary n-9 eicosatrienoic
|
|
acid on the fatty acid composition of plasma lipid fractions and tissue
|
|
phospholipids.</strong> Cleland LG, Neumann MA, Gibson RA, Hamazaki T, Akimoto
|
|
K, James MJ.</p><p>
|
|
J Nutr. 1996 Jun;126(6):1534-40. <strong>Dietary (n-9) eicosatrienoic acid
|
|
from a cultured fungus inhibits leukotriene B4 synthesis in rats and
|
|
the effect is modified by dietary linoleic acid.</strong> Cleland LG, Gibson
|
|
RA, Neumann MA, Hamazaki T, Akimoto K, James MJ.</p><p>
|
|
Br J Nutr. 2003 Oct;90(4):777-86<strong>. Fish-oil supplementation reduces
|
|
stimulation of plasma glucose fluxes during exercise in untrained males.</strong>
|
|
Delarue J, Labarthe F, Cohen R.</p><p>
|
|
Int J Circumpolar Health. 2001 Apr;60(2):143-9. <strong>Cod liver oil consumption,
|
|
smoking, and coronary heart disease mortality: three counties, Norway.</strong>
|
|
Egeland GM, Meyer HE, Selmer R, Tverdal A, Vollset SE.</p><p>
|
|
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2000 Mar;62(3):201-7. <strong>Effects
|
|
of n-3 fatty acids on growth and survival of J774 macrophages. </strong>
|
|
Fyfe DJ, Abbey M. </p><p>
|
|
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jun;57(6):793-800. <strong>Increased lipid peroxidation
|
|
during long-term intervention with high doses of n-3 fatty acids (PUFAs)
|
|
following an acute myocardial infarction.</strong> Grundt H, Nilsen DW, Mansoor
|
|
MA, Nordoy A.</p><p>
|
|
Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1988 Dec;48(8):813-6. <strong>Mechanisms for the
|
|
serum lipid-lowering effect of n-3 fatty acids. </strong>
|
|
Hagve TA, Christophersen BO. </p><p>
|
|
Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;161(3):567-9.<strong> Is low dietary intake of
|
|
omega-3 fatty acids associated with depression? </strong>
|
|
Hakkarainen R, Partonen T, Haukka J, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Lonnqvist
|
|
J. </p><p>
|
|
J Neurosci Res 1988 Aug;20(4):451-6. <strong>Role of arachidonic acid and
|
|
other free fatty acids in mitochondrial dysfunction in brain ischemia.</strong>
|
|
Hillered L, Chan PH. </p><p>
|
|
J Neurosci Res 1989 Oct;24(2):247-50. <strong>Brain mitochondrial swelling
|
|
induced by arachidonic acid and other long chain free fatty acids.</strong>
|
|
Hillered L, Chan PH. </p><p>
|
|
Endocrinology. 2003 Sep;144(9):3958-68. <strong>Diabetogenic impact of long-chain
|
|
omega-3 fatty acids on pancreatic beta-cell function and the regulation
|
|
of endogenous glucose production.</strong> Holness MJ, Greenwood GK, Smith
|
|
ND, Sugden MC.</p><p>
|
|
Lipids. 1997 Jul;32(7):745-51.<strong> Unusual effects of some vegetable
|
|
oils on the survival time of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive
|
|
rats.</strong> Huang MZ, Watanabe S, Kobayashi T, Nagatsu A, Sakakibara J,
|
|
Okuyama H.</p><p>
|
|
Transplant Proc. 2001 Aug;33(5):2854-5.<strong> Evaluation of the effect
|
|
of fish oil on cell kinetics: implications for clinical immunosuppression.</strong>
|
|
Istfan NW, Khauli RB. Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts,
|
|
USA. Cancer Res. 1989 Apr 15;49(8):1931-6.<strong> Effects of fish oil and
|
|
corn oil diets on prostaglandin-dependent and myelopoiesis-associated
|
|
immune suppressor mechanisms of mice bearing metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma
|
|
tumors.</strong> Young MR, Young ME. Department of Research Services, Edward
|
|
J. Hines, Jr. "The fish oil diet increased the frequency of myeloid
|
|
progenitor cells in normal mice and in mice bearing small or large tumors.
|
|
Concurrently,<strong> the fish oil diet stimulated the appearance of bone
|
|
marrow-derived suppressor cells.</strong> When administered after the establishment
|
|
of palpable primary tumors, a fish oil diet also increased the formation
|
|
of pulmonary lung nodules." "These data show that a fish oil
|
|
diet can minimize the immune suppression in tumor bearers when suppression
|
|
is mediated by PGE2-producing suppressor cells, but can also <strong>induce
|
|
myelopoietic stimulation leading to the appearance of bone marrow-derived
|
|
suppressor cells and increased tumor metastasis."</p><p>
|
|
</strong>J Exp Med 1993 Dec 1;178(6):2261-5. <strong>Effect of dietary supplementation
|
|
with n-9 eicosatrienoic acid on leukotriene B4 synthesis in rats: a
|
|
novel approach to inhibition of eicosanoid synthesis.</strong> James MJ,
|
|
Gibson RA, Neumann MA, Cleland LG</p><p>
|
|
Transplantation. 1989 Jul;48(1):98-102. <strong>Enhancement of immunosuppression
|
|
by substitution of fish oil for olive oil as a vehicle for cyclosporine.</strong>
|
|
Kelley VE, Kirkman RL, Bastos M, Barrett LV, Strom TB.</p><p>
|
|
Photochem Photobiol. 2004 May;79(5):470-5. <strong>Mitochondria-derived reactive
|
|
oxygen species mediate blue light-induced death of retinal pigment epithelial
|
|
cells.</strong> King A, Gottlieb E, Brooks DG, Murphy MP, Dunaief JL.</p><p>
|
|
Metabolism. 1989 Mar;38(3):278-81.<strong> The effect of fatty acids on the
|
|
vulnerability of lymphocytes to cortisol.</strong> Klein A, Bruser B, Malkin
|
|
A. </p><p>
|
|
Tumour Biol. 1989;10(3):149-52. <strong>Albumin and the unique pattern of
|
|
inhibitors of cortisol catabolism by lymphocytes in serum of cancer
|
|
patients.</strong> Klein A, Bruser B, Malkin A. </p><p>
|
|
J Endocrinol. 1987 Feb;112(2):259-64.<strong> Effect of a non-viral fraction
|
|
of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome plasma on the vulnerability of
|
|
lymphocytes to cortisol.</strong> Klein A, Bruser B, Robinson JB, Pinkerton
|
|
PH, Malkin A. </p><p>
|
|
Biochem Cell Biol. 1990 Apr;68(4):810-3. <strong>Cortisol catabolism by lymphocytes
|
|
of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.</strong> Klein A, Lishner
|
|
M, Bruser B, Curtis JE, Amato DJ, Malkin A.</p><p>
|
|
Clin Exp Metastasis 2000;18(5):371-7.<strong> Promotion of colon cancer metastases
|
|
in rat liver by fish oil diet is not due to reduced stroma formation.</strong>
|
|
Klieveri L, Fehres O, Griffini P, Van Noorden CJ, Frederiks WM. </p><p>
|
|
Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Oct 15;29(8):714-20. <strong>Acrolein, a product
|
|
of lipid peroxidation, inhibits glucose and glutamate uptake in primary
|
|
neuronal cultures.</strong> Lovell MA, Xie C, Markesbery WR.</p><p>
|
|
Clin Exp Metastasis 1998 Jul;16(5):407-14.<strong> Diminution of the development
|
|
of experimental metastases produced by murine metastatic lines in essential
|
|
fatty acid-deficient host mice.</strong> Mannini A, Calorini L, Mugnai G,
|
|
Ruggieri S.</p><p>
|
|
Lipids. 1998 Jul;33(7):655-61.<strong> Free fatty acid fractions from some
|
|
vegetable oils exhibit reduced survival time-shortening activity in
|
|
stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. </strong>
|
|
Miyazaki M, Huang MZ, Takemura N, Watanabe S, Okuyama H. </p><p>
|
|
J Physiol. 1994 Feb 15;475(1):83-93. <strong>Facilitatory effect of docosahexaenoic
|
|
acid on N-methyl-D-aspartate response in pyramidal neurones of rat cerebral
|
|
cortex.</strong> Nishikawa M, Kimura S, Akaike N.</p><p>
|
|
Antioxid Redox Signal. 1999 Fall;1(3):255-84.</p><p>
|
|
<strong>4-Hydroxynonenal as a biological signal: molecular basis and pathophysiological
|
|
implications.</strong> Parola M, Bellomo G, Robino G, Barrera G, Dianzani
|
|
MU.</p><p>
|
|
Neurochem Res. 1991 Sep;16(9):983-9. <strong>Release of arachidonic acid
|
|
by NMDA-receptor activation in the rat hippocampus.</strong> Pellerin L,
|
|
Wolfe LS.</p><p>
|
|
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Feb 14;1535(2):145-52. <strong>Acrolein inhibits
|
|
respiration in isolated brain mitochondria. </strong>
|
|
Picklo MJ, Montine TJ.</p><p>
|
|
Neurochem Res. 1994 Jan;19(1):57-63. <strong>Inhibition of bioenergetics
|
|
alters intracellular calcium, membrane composition, and fluidity in
|
|
a neuronal cell line.</strong> Ray P, Ray R, Broomfield CA, Berman JD. </p><p>
|
|
Neurobiol Aging. 2005 Apr;26(4):465-74. <strong>Immunochemical crossreactivity
|
|
of antibodies specific for "advanced glycation endproducts"
|
|
with "advanced lipoxidation endproducts".</strong> Richter T, Munch
|
|
G, Luth HJ, Arendt T, Kientsch-Engel R, Stahl P, Fengler D, Kuhla B.</p><p>
|
|
Food Chem Toxicol. 1998 Aug;36(8):663-72. <strong>The association of increasing
|
|
dietary concentrations of fish oil with hepatotoxic effects and a higher
|
|
degree of aorta atherosclerosis in the ad lib.-fed rabbit.</strong> Ritskes-Hoitinga
|
|
J, Verschuren PM, Meijer GW, Wiersma A, van de Kooij AJ, Timmer WG,
|
|
Blonk CG, Weststrate JA.</p><p>
|
|
Atherosclerosis. 2001 Mar;155(1):9-18. <strong>Enhanced level of n-3 fatty
|
|
acid in membrane phospholipids induces lipid peroxidation in rats fed
|
|
dietary docosahexaenoic acid oil.</strong> Song JH, Miyazawa T.</p><p>
|
|
Neurochem Res. 1995 Dec;20(12):1417-27. <strong>Free radical-induced endothelial
|
|
membrane dysfunction at the site of blood-brain barrier: relationship
|
|
between lipid peroxidation, Na,K-ATPase activity, and 51Cr release.</strong>
|
|
Stanimirovic DB, Wong J, Ball R, Durkin JP.</p><p>
|
|
Atherosclerosis, November 1997, vol. 135, no. 1, pp. 1-7(7<strong>) Oxidized
|
|
Cholesterol in the Diet Accelerates the Development of Atherosclerosis
|
|
in LDL Receptor and Apolipoprotein EDeficient Mice</strong><em>. </em>
|
|
Staprans, I; Pan, X-M; Rapp, JH; Grunfeld, C; Feingold, KR. </p><p>
|
|
J Neurosci Res. 2001 Sep 15;65(6):565-72.<strong> Involvement of the 5-lipoxygenase
|
|
pathway in the neurotoxicity of the prion peptide PrP106-126.</strong> Stewart
|
|
LR, White AR, Jobling MF, Needham BE, Maher F, Thyer J, Beyreuther K,
|
|
Masters CL, Collins SJ, Cappai R. </p><p>
|
|
J Nutr. 2003 Feb;133(2):496-503. <strong>(n-3) Polyunsaturated fatty acids
|
|
promote activation-induced cell death in murine T lymphocytes.</strong> Switzer
|
|
KC, McMurray DN, Morris JS, Chapkin RS.</p><p>
|
|
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1995 Oct 20;323(1):97-107. <strong>Effect of linoleic
|
|
acid hydroperoxide on endothelial cell calcium homeostasis and phospholipid
|
|
hydrolysis.</strong> Sweetman LL, Zhang NY, Peterson H, Gopalakrishna R,
|
|
Sevanian A. </p><p>
|
|
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1997 Dec;61(12):2085-8. <strong>Oxidative stability
|
|
of docosahexaenoic acid-containing oils in the form of phospholipids,
|
|
triacylglycerols, and ethyl esters.</strong> Song JH, Inoue Y, Miyazawa T.</p><p>
|
|
J Nutr. 2000 Dec;130(12):3028-33. <strong>Polyunsaturated (n-3) fatty acids
|
|
susceptible to peroxidation are increased in plasma and tissue lipids
|
|
of rats fed docosahexaenoic acid-containing oils.</strong> Song JH, Fujimoto
|
|
K, Miyazawa T.</p><p>
|
|
Atherosclerosis. 2001 Mar;155(1):9-18. <strong>Enhanced level of n-3 fatty
|
|
acid in membrane phospholipids induces lipid peroxidation in rats fed
|
|
dietary docosahexaenoic acid oil.</strong> Song JH, Miyazawa T.</p><p>
|
|
Clin Exp Allergy. 2004 Feb;34(2):194-200. <strong>Maternal breast milk long-chain
|
|
n-3 fatty acids are associated with increased risk of atopy in breastfed
|
|
infants.</strong> Stoney RM, Woods RK, Hosking CS, Hill DJ, Abramson MJ,
|
|
Thien FC.</p><p>
|
|
Free Radic Res. 2001 Apr;34(4):427-35. <strong>Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation-increased
|
|
oxidative damage in bone marrow DNA in aged rats and its relation to
|
|
antioxidant vitamins.</strong> Umegaki K, Hashimoto M, Yamasaki H, Fujii
|
|
Y, Yoshimura M, Sugisawa A, Shinozuka K.</p><p>
|
|
J Neurochem 1986 Oct;47(4):1181-9. <strong>Effects of arachidonic acid on
|
|
glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake in primary cultures of
|
|
rat cerebral cortical astrocytes and neurons.</strong> Yu AC, Chan PH, Fishman
|
|
RA.</p>
|
|
</small>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<p class="C">Library of GigaChad | <a href="/" target="_blank">GigaChad</a></p>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|